"""

    Transforms the state from the previous hard fork (`old`) into the block

    chain object for this hard fork and returns it.

    When forks need to implement an irregular state transition, this function

    is used to handle the irregularity. See the :ref:`DAO Fork <dao-fork>` for

    an example.

    Parameters

    ----------

    old :

        Previous block chain object.

    Returns

    -------

    new : `BlockChain`

        Upgraded block chain object for this hard fork.

    """

    return old

    """

    Obtain the list of hashes of the previous 256 blocks in order of

    increasing block number.

    This function will return less hashes for the first 256 blocks.

    The ``BLOCKHASH`` opcode needs to access the latest hashes on the chain,

    therefore this function retrieves them.

    Parameters

    ----------

    chain :

        History and current state.

    Returns

    -------

    recent_block_hashes : `List[Hash32]`

        Hashes of the recent 256 blocks in order of increasing block number.

    """

    recent_blocks = chain.blocks[-255:]

    # TODO: This function has not been tested rigorously

    if len(recent_blocks) == 0:

        return []

    recent_block_hashes = []

    for block in recent_blocks:

        prev_block_hash = block.header.parent_hash

        recent_block_hashes.append(prev_block_hash)

    # We are computing the hash only for the most recent block and not for

    # the rest of the blocks as they have successors which have the hash of

    # the current block as parent hash.

    most_recent_block_hash = keccak256(rlp.encode(recent_blocks[-1].header))

    recent_block_hashes.append(most_recent_block_hash)

    return recent_block_hashes

    """

    Attempts to apply a block to an existing block chain.

    All parts of the block's contents need to be verified before being added

    to the chain. Blocks are verified by ensuring that the contents of the

    block make logical sense with the contents of the parent block. The

    information in the block's header must also match the corresponding

    information in the block.

    To implement Ethereum, in theory clients are only required to store the

    most recent 255 blocks of the chain since as far as execution is

    concerned, only those blocks are accessed. Practically, however, clients

    should store more blocks to handle reorgs.

    Parameters

    ----------

    chain :

        History and current state.

    block :

        Block to apply to `chain`.

    """

    parent_header = chain.blocks[-1].header

    validate_header(block.header, parent_header)

    if block.ommers != ():

        raise InvalidBlock

    apply_body_output = apply_body(

        chain.state,

        get_last_256_block_hashes(chain),

        block.header.coinbase,

        block.header.number,

        block.header.base_fee_per_gas,

        block.header.gas_limit,

        block.header.timestamp,

        block.header.prev_randao,

        block.transactions,

        chain.chain_id,

    )

    if apply_body_output.block_gas_used != block.header.gas_used:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if apply_body_output.transactions_root != block.header.transactions_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if apply_body_output.state_root != block.header.state_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if apply_body_output.receipt_root != block.header.receipt_root:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if apply_body_output.block_logs_bloom != block.header.bloom:

        raise InvalidBlock

    chain.blocks.append(block)

    if len(chain.blocks) > 255:

        # Real clients have to store more blocks to deal with reorgs, but the

        # protocol only requires the last 255

        chain.blocks = chain.blocks[-255:]

    """

    Calculates the base fee per gas for the block.

    Parameters

    ----------

    block_gas_limit :

        Gas limit of the block for which the base fee is being calculated.

    parent_gas_limit :

        Gas limit of the parent block.

    parent_gas_used :

        Gas used in the parent block.

    parent_base_fee_per_gas :

        Base fee per gas of the parent block.

    Returns

    -------

    base_fee_per_gas : `Uint`

        Base fee per gas for the block.

    """

    parent_gas_target = parent_gas_limit // ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER

    if not check_gas_limit(block_gas_limit, parent_gas_limit):

        raise InvalidBlock

    if parent_gas_used == parent_gas_target:

        expected_base_fee_per_gas = parent_base_fee_per_gas

    elif parent_gas_used > parent_gas_target:

        gas_used_delta = parent_gas_used - parent_gas_target

        parent_fee_gas_delta = parent_base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta

        target_fee_gas_delta = parent_fee_gas_delta // parent_gas_target

        base_fee_per_gas_delta = max(

            target_fee_gas_delta // BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR,

            1,

        )

        expected_base_fee_per_gas = (

            parent_base_fee_per_gas + base_fee_per_gas_delta

        )

    else:

        gas_used_delta = parent_gas_target - parent_gas_used

        parent_fee_gas_delta = parent_base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta

        target_fee_gas_delta = parent_fee_gas_delta // parent_gas_target

        base_fee_per_gas_delta = (

            target_fee_gas_delta // BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR

        )

        expected_base_fee_per_gas = (

            parent_base_fee_per_gas - base_fee_per_gas_delta

        )

    return Uint(expected_base_fee_per_gas)

    """

    Verifies a block header.

    In order to consider a block's header valid, the logic for the

    quantities in the header should match the logic for the block itself.

    For example the header timestamp should be greater than the block's parent

    timestamp because the block was created *after* the parent block.

    Additionally, the block's number should be directly following the parent

    block's number since it is the next block in the sequence.

    Parameters

    ----------

    header :

        Header to check for correctness.

    parent_header :

        Parent Header of the header to check for correctness

    """

    if header.gas_used > header.gas_limit:

        raise InvalidBlock

    expected_base_fee_per_gas = calculate_base_fee_per_gas(

        header.gas_limit,

        parent_header.gas_limit,

        parent_header.gas_used,

        parent_header.base_fee_per_gas,

    )

    if expected_base_fee_per_gas != header.base_fee_per_gas:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.timestamp <= parent_header.timestamp:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.number != parent_header.number + 1:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if len(header.extra_data) > 32:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.difficulty != 0:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.nonce != b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00":

        raise InvalidBlock

    if header.ommers_hash != EMPTY_OMMER_HASH:

        raise InvalidBlock

    block_parent_hash = keccak256(rlp.encode(parent_header))

    if header.parent_hash != block_parent_hash:

        raise InvalidBlock

    """

    Check if the transaction is includable in the block.

    Parameters

    ----------

    tx :

        The transaction.

    base_fee_per_gas :

        The block base fee.

    gas_available :

        The gas remaining in the block.

    chain_id :

        The ID of the current chain.

    Returns

    -------

    sender_address :

        The sender of the transaction.

    effective_gas_price :

        The price to charge for gas when the transaction is executed.

    Raises

    ------

    InvalidBlock :

        If the transaction is not includable.

    """

    if tx.gas > gas_available:

        raise InvalidBlock

    sender_address = recover_sender(chain_id, tx)

    if isinstance(tx, FeeMarketTransaction):

        if tx.max_fee_per_gas < tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas:

            raise InvalidBlock

        if tx.max_fee_per_gas < base_fee_per_gas:

            raise InvalidBlock

        priority_fee_per_gas = min(

            tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas,

            tx.max_fee_per_gas - base_fee_per_gas,

        )

        effective_gas_price = priority_fee_per_gas + base_fee_per_gas

    else:

        if tx.gas_price < base_fee_per_gas:

            raise InvalidBlock

        effective_gas_price = tx.gas_price

    return sender_address, effective_gas_price

    """

    Make the receipt for a transaction that was executed.

    Parameters

    ----------

    tx :

        The executed transaction.

    error :

        The error from the execution if any.

    cumulative_gas_used :

        The total gas used so far in the block after the transaction was

        executed.

    logs :

        The logs produced by the transaction.

    Returns

    -------

    receipt :

        The receipt for the transaction.

    """

    receipt = Receipt(

        succeeded=error is None,

        cumulative_gas_used=cumulative_gas_used,

        bloom=logs_bloom(logs),

        logs=logs,

    )

    if isinstance(tx, AccessListTransaction):

        return b"\x01" + rlp.encode(receipt)

    elif isinstance(tx, FeeMarketTransaction):

        return b"\x02" + rlp.encode(receipt)

    else:

        return receipt

    """

    Executes a block.

    Many of the contents of a block are stored in data structures called

    tries. There is a transactions trie which is similar to a ledger of the

    transactions stored in the current block. There is also a receipts trie

    which stores the results of executing a transaction, like the post state

    and gas used. This function creates and executes the block that is to be

    added to the chain.

    Parameters

    ----------

    state :

        Current account state.

    block_hashes :

        List of hashes of the previous 256 blocks in the order of

        increasing block number.

    coinbase :

        Address of account which receives block reward and transaction fees.

    block_number :

        Position of the block within the chain.

    base_fee_per_gas :

        Base fee per gas of within the block.

    block_gas_limit :

        Initial amount of gas available for execution in this block.

    block_time :

        Time the block was produced, measured in seconds since the epoch.

    prev_randao :

        The previous randao from the beacon chain.

    transactions :

        Transactions included in the block.

    ommers :

        Headers of ancestor blocks which are not direct parents (formerly

        uncles.)

    chain_id :

        ID of the executing chain.

    Returns

    -------

    apply_body_output : `ApplyBodyOutput`

        Output of applying the block body to the state.

    """

    gas_available = block_gas_limit

    transactions_trie: Trie[

        Bytes, Optional[Union[Bytes, LegacyTransaction]]

    ] = Trie(secured=False, default=None)

    receipts_trie: Trie[Bytes, Optional[Union[Bytes, Receipt]]] = Trie(

        secured=False, default=None

    )

    block_logs: Tuple[Log, ...] = ()

    for i, tx in enumerate(map(decode_transaction, transactions)):

        trie_set(

            transactions_trie, rlp.encode(Uint(i)), encode_transaction(tx)

        )

        sender_address, effective_gas_price = check_transaction(

            tx, base_fee_per_gas, gas_available, chain_id

        )

        env = vm.Environment(

            caller=sender_address,

            origin=sender_address,

            block_hashes=block_hashes,

            coinbase=coinbase,

            number=block_number,

            gas_limit=block_gas_limit,

            base_fee_per_gas=base_fee_per_gas,

            gas_price=effective_gas_price,

            time=block_time,

            prev_randao=prev_randao,

            state=state,

            chain_id=chain_id,

            traces=[],

        )

        gas_used, logs, error = process_transaction(env, tx)

        gas_available -= gas_used

        receipt = make_receipt(

            tx, error, (block_gas_limit - gas_available), logs

        )

        trie_set(

            receipts_trie,

            rlp.encode(Uint(i)),

            receipt,

        )

        block_logs += logs

    block_gas_used = block_gas_limit - gas_available

    block_logs_bloom = logs_bloom(block_logs)

    return ApplyBodyOutput(

        block_gas_used,

        root(transactions_trie),

        root(receipts_trie),

        block_logs_bloom,

        state_root(state),

    )

    """

    Execute a transaction against the provided environment.

    This function processes the actions needed to execute a transaction.

    It decrements the sender's account after calculating the gas fee and

    refunds them the proper amount after execution. Calling contracts,

    deploying code, and incrementing nonces are all examples of actions that

    happen within this function or from a call made within this function.

    Accounts that are marked for deletion are processed and destroyed after

    execution.

    Parameters

    ----------

    env :

        Environment for the Ethereum Virtual Machine.

    tx :

        Transaction to execute.

    Returns

    -------

    gas_left : `ethereum.base_types.U256`

        Remaining gas after execution.

    logs : `Tuple[ethereum.blocks.Log, ...]`

        Logs generated during execution.

    """

    if not validate_transaction(tx):

        raise InvalidBlock

    sender = env.origin

    sender_account = get_account(env.state, sender)

    if isinstance(tx, FeeMarketTransaction):

        max_gas_fee = tx.gas * tx.max_fee_per_gas

    else:

        max_gas_fee = tx.gas * tx.gas_price

    if sender_account.nonce != tx.nonce:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if sender_account.balance < max_gas_fee + tx.value:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if sender_account.code != bytearray():

        raise InvalidBlock

    effective_gas_fee = tx.gas * env.gas_price

    gas = tx.gas - calculate_intrinsic_cost(tx)

    increment_nonce(env.state, sender)

    sender_balance_after_gas_fee = sender_account.balance - effective_gas_fee

    set_account_balance(env.state, sender, sender_balance_after_gas_fee)

    preaccessed_addresses = set()

    preaccessed_storage_keys = set()

    if isinstance(tx, (AccessListTransaction, FeeMarketTransaction)):

        for address, keys in tx.access_list:

            preaccessed_addresses.add(address)

            for key in keys:

                preaccessed_storage_keys.add((address, key))

    message = prepare_message(

        sender,

        tx.to,

        tx.value,

        tx.data,

        gas,

        env,

        preaccessed_addresses=frozenset(preaccessed_addresses),

        preaccessed_storage_keys=frozenset(preaccessed_storage_keys),

    )

    output = process_message_call(message, env)

    gas_used = tx.gas - output.gas_left

    gas_refund = min(gas_used // 5, output.refund_counter)

    gas_refund_amount = (output.gas_left + gas_refund) * env.gas_price

    # For non-1559 transactions env.gas_price == tx.gas_price

    priority_fee_per_gas = env.gas_price - env.base_fee_per_gas

    transaction_fee = (

        tx.gas - output.gas_left - gas_refund

    ) * priority_fee_per_gas

    total_gas_used = gas_used - gas_refund

    # refund gas

    sender_balance_after_refund = (

        get_account(env.state, sender).balance + gas_refund_amount

    )

    set_account_balance(env.state, sender, sender_balance_after_refund)

    # transfer miner fees

    coinbase_balance_after_mining_fee = (

        get_account(env.state, env.coinbase).balance + transaction_fee

    )

    if coinbase_balance_after_mining_fee != 0:

        set_account_balance(

            env.state, env.coinbase, coinbase_balance_after_mining_fee

        )

    elif account_exists_and_is_empty(env.state, env.coinbase):

        destroy_account(env.state, env.coinbase)

    for address in output.accounts_to_delete:

        destroy_account(env.state, address)

    for address in output.touched_accounts:

        if account_exists_and_is_empty(env.state, address):

            destroy_account(env.state, address)

    return total_gas_used, output.logs, output.error

    """

    Verifies a transaction.

    The gas in a transaction gets used to pay for the intrinsic cost of

    operations, therefore if there is insufficient gas then it would not

    be possible to execute a transaction and it will be declared invalid.

    Additionally, the nonce of a transaction must not equal or exceed the

    limit defined in `EIP-2681 <https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2681>`_.

    In practice, defining the limit as ``2**64-1`` has no impact because

    sending ``2**64-1`` transactions is improbable. It's not strictly

    impossible though, ``2**64-1`` transactions is the entire capacity of the

    Ethereum blockchain at 2022 gas limits for a little over 22 years.

    Parameters

    ----------

    tx :

        Transaction to validate.

    Returns

    -------

    verified : `bool`

        True if the transaction can be executed, or False otherwise.

    """

    return calculate_intrinsic_cost(tx) <= tx.gas and tx.nonce < 2**64 - 1

    """

    Calculates the gas that is charged before execution is started.

    The intrinsic cost of the transaction is charged before execution has

    begun. Functions/operations in the EVM cost money to execute so this

    intrinsic cost is for the operations that need to be paid for as part of

    the transaction. Data transfer, for example, is part of this intrinsic

    cost. It costs ether to send data over the wire and that ether is

    accounted for in the intrinsic cost calculated in this function. This

    intrinsic cost must be calculated and paid for before execution in order

    for all operations to be implemented.

    Parameters

    ----------

    tx :

        Transaction to compute the intrinsic cost of.

    Returns

    -------

    verified : `ethereum.base_types.Uint`

        The intrinsic cost of the transaction.

    """

    data_cost = 0

    for byte in tx.data:

        if byte == 0:

            data_cost += TX_DATA_COST_PER_ZERO

        else:

            data_cost += TX_DATA_COST_PER_NON_ZERO

    if tx.to == Bytes0(b""):

        create_cost = TX_CREATE_COST

    else:

        create_cost = 0

    access_list_cost = 0

    if isinstance(tx, (AccessListTransaction, FeeMarketTransaction)):

        for _address, keys in tx.access_list:

            access_list_cost += TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS_COST

            access_list_cost += len(keys) * TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY_COST

    return Uint(TX_BASE_COST + data_cost + create_cost + access_list_cost)

    """

    Extracts the sender address from a transaction.

    The v, r, and s values are the three parts that make up the signature

    of a transaction. In order to recover the sender of a transaction the two

    components needed are the signature (``v``, ``r``, and ``s``) and the

    signing hash of the transaction. The sender's public key can be obtained

    with these two values and therefore the sender address can be retrieved.

    Parameters

    ----------

    tx :

        Transaction of interest.

    chain_id :

        ID of the executing chain.

    Returns

    -------

    sender : `ethereum.fork_types.Address`

        The address of the account that signed the transaction.

    """

    r, s = tx.r, tx.s

    if 0 >= r or r >= SECP256K1N:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if 0 >= s or s > SECP256K1N // 2:

        raise InvalidBlock

    if isinstance(tx, LegacyTransaction):

        v = tx.v