ethereum.paris.vm.instructions.systemethereum.shanghai.vm.instructions.system

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. contents:: Table of Contents :backlinks: none :local:

Introduction

Implementations of the EVM system related instructions.

generic_create

Core logic used by the CREATE* family of opcodes.

def generic_create(​evm: Evm, ​​endowment: U256, ​​contract_address: Address, ​​memory_start_position: U256, ​​memory_size: U256, ​​init_code_gas: Uint​) -> None:
68
    """
69
    Core logic used by the `CREATE*` family of opcodes.
70
    """
71
    # This import causes a circular import error
72
    # if it's not moved inside this method
71
    from ...vm.interpreter import STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT, process_create_message
73
    from ...vm.interpreter import (
74
        MAX_CODE_SIZE,
75
        STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT,
76
        process_create_message,
77
    )
78
79
    call_data = memory_read_bytes(
80
        evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size
81
    )
82
    if len(call_data) > 2 * MAX_CODE_SIZE:
83
        raise OutOfGasError
84
85
    evm.accessed_addresses.add(contract_address)
86
87
    create_message_gas = max_message_call_gas(Uint(evm.gas_left))
88
    evm.gas_left -= create_message_gas
89
    if evm.message.is_static:
90
        raise WriteInStaticContext
91
    evm.return_data = b""
92
93
    sender_address = evm.message.current_target
94
    sender = get_account(evm.env.state, sender_address)
95
96
    if (
97
        sender.balance < endowment
98
        or sender.nonce == Uint(2**64 - 1)
99
        or evm.message.depth + Uint(1) > STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT
100
    ):
101
        evm.gas_left += create_message_gas
102
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
103
        return
104
105
    if account_has_code_or_nonce(evm.env.state, contract_address):
106
        increment_nonce(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target)
107
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
108
        return
97
98
    call_data = memory_read_bytes(
99
        evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size
100
    )
109
110
    increment_nonce(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target)
111
112
    child_message = Message(
113
        caller=evm.message.current_target,
114
        target=Bytes0(),
115
        gas=create_message_gas,
116
        value=endowment,
117
        data=b"",
118
        code=call_data,
119
        current_target=contract_address,
120
        depth=evm.message.depth + Uint(1),
121
        code_address=None,
122
        should_transfer_value=True,
123
        is_static=False,
124
        accessed_addresses=evm.accessed_addresses.copy(),
125
        accessed_storage_keys=evm.accessed_storage_keys.copy(),
126
        parent_evm=evm,
127
    )
128
    child_evm = process_create_message(child_message, evm.env)
129
130
    if child_evm.error:
131
        incorporate_child_on_error(evm, child_evm)
132
        evm.return_data = child_evm.output
133
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
134
    else:
135
        incorporate_child_on_success(evm, child_evm)
136
        evm.return_data = b""
137
        push(evm.stack, U256.from_be_bytes(child_evm.message.current_target))

create

Creates a new account with associated code.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def create(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
141
    """
142
    Creates a new account with associated code.
143
144
    Parameters
145
    ----------
146
    evm :
147
        The current EVM frame.
148
    """
149
    # STACK
150
    endowment = pop(evm.stack)
151
    memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
152
    memory_size = pop(evm.stack)
153
154
    # GAS
155
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
156
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)]
157
    )
158
    init_code_gas = init_code_cost(Uint(memory_size))
159
151
    charge_gas(evm, GAS_CREATE + extend_memory.cost)
160
    charge_gas(evm, GAS_CREATE + extend_memory.cost + init_code_gas)
161
162
    # OPERATION
163
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
164
    contract_address = compute_contract_address(
165
        evm.message.current_target,
166
        get_account(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target).nonce,
167
    )
168
169
    generic_create(
161
        evm, endowment, contract_address, memory_start_position, memory_size
170
        evm,
171
        endowment,
172
        contract_address,
173
        memory_start_position,
174
        memory_size,
175
        init_code_gas,
176
    )
177
178
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
179
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

create2

Creates a new account with associated code.

It's similar to CREATE opcode except that the address of new account depends on the init_code instead of the nonce of sender.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def create2(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
183
    """
184
    Creates a new account with associated code.
185
186
    It's similar to CREATE opcode except that the address of new account
187
    depends on the init_code instead of the nonce of sender.
188
189
    Parameters
190
    ----------
191
    evm :
192
        The current EVM frame.
193
    """
194
    # STACK
195
    endowment = pop(evm.stack)
196
    memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
197
    memory_size = pop(evm.stack)
198
    salt = pop(evm.stack).to_be_bytes32()
199
200
    # GAS
201
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
202
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)]
203
    )
204
    call_data_words = ceil32(Uint(memory_size)) // Uint(32)
205
    init_code_gas = init_code_cost(Uint(memory_size))
206
    charge_gas(
207
        evm,
193
        GAS_CREATE + GAS_KECCAK256_WORD * call_data_words + extend_memory.cost,
208
        GAS_CREATE
209
        + GAS_KECCAK256_WORD * call_data_words
210
        + extend_memory.cost
211
        + init_code_gas,
212
    )
213
214
    # OPERATION
215
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
216
    contract_address = compute_create2_contract_address(
217
        evm.message.current_target,
218
        salt,
219
        memory_read_bytes(evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size),
220
    )
221
222
    generic_create(
205
        evm, endowment, contract_address, memory_start_position, memory_size
223
        evm,
224
        endowment,
225
        contract_address,
226
        memory_start_position,
227
        memory_size,
228
        init_code_gas,
229
    )
230
231
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
232
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

return_

Halts execution returning output data.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def return_(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
236
    """
237
    Halts execution returning output data.
238
239
    Parameters
240
    ----------
241
    evm :
242
        The current EVM frame.
243
    """
244
    # STACK
245
    memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
246
    memory_size = pop(evm.stack)
247
248
    # GAS
249
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
250
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)]
251
    )
252
253
    charge_gas(evm, GAS_ZERO + extend_memory.cost)
254
255
    # OPERATION
256
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
257
    evm.output = memory_read_bytes(
258
        evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size
259
    )
260
261
    evm.running = False
262
263
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
264
    pass

generic_call

Perform the core logic of the CALL* family of opcodes.

def generic_call(​evm: Evm, ​​gas: Uint, ​​value: U256, ​​caller: Address, ​​to: Address, ​​code_address: Address, ​​should_transfer_value: bool, ​​is_staticcall: bool, ​​memory_input_start_position: U256, ​​memory_input_size: U256, ​​memory_output_start_position: U256, ​​memory_output_size: U256​) -> None:
281
    """
282
    Perform the core logic of the `CALL*` family of opcodes.
283
    """
284
    from ...vm.interpreter import STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT, process_message
285
286
    evm.return_data = b""
287
288
    if evm.message.depth + Uint(1) > STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT:
289
        evm.gas_left += gas
290
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
291
        return
292
293
    call_data = memory_read_bytes(
294
        evm.memory, memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size
295
    )
296
    code = get_account(evm.env.state, code_address).code
297
    child_message = Message(
298
        caller=caller,
299
        target=to,
300
        gas=gas,
301
        value=value,
302
        data=call_data,
303
        code=code,
304
        current_target=to,
305
        depth=evm.message.depth + Uint(1),
306
        code_address=code_address,
307
        should_transfer_value=should_transfer_value,
308
        is_static=True if is_staticcall else evm.message.is_static,
309
        accessed_addresses=evm.accessed_addresses.copy(),
310
        accessed_storage_keys=evm.accessed_storage_keys.copy(),
311
        parent_evm=evm,
312
    )
313
    child_evm = process_message(child_message, evm.env)
314
315
    if child_evm.error:
316
        incorporate_child_on_error(evm, child_evm)
317
        evm.return_data = child_evm.output
318
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
319
    else:
320
        incorporate_child_on_success(evm, child_evm)
321
        evm.return_data = child_evm.output
322
        push(evm.stack, U256(1))
323
324
    actual_output_size = min(memory_output_size, U256(len(child_evm.output)))
325
    memory_write(
326
        evm.memory,
327
        memory_output_start_position,
328
        child_evm.output[:actual_output_size],
329
    )

call

Message-call into an account.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def call(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
333
    """
334
    Message-call into an account.
335
336
    Parameters
337
    ----------
338
    evm :
339
        The current EVM frame.
340
    """
341
    # STACK
342
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
343
    to = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
344
    value = pop(evm.stack)
345
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
346
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
347
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
348
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
349
350
    # GAS
351
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
352
        evm.memory,
353
        [
354
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
355
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
356
        ],
357
    )
358
359
    if to in evm.accessed_addresses:
360
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
361
    else:
362
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(to)
363
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
364
365
    create_gas_cost = (
366
        Uint(0)
367
        if is_account_alive(evm.env.state, to) or value == 0
368
        else GAS_NEW_ACCOUNT
369
    )
370
    transfer_gas_cost = Uint(0) if value == 0 else GAS_CALL_VALUE
371
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
372
        value,
373
        gas,
374
        Uint(evm.gas_left),
375
        extend_memory.cost,
376
        access_gas_cost + create_gas_cost + transfer_gas_cost,
377
    )
378
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
379
    if evm.message.is_static and value != U256(0):
380
        raise WriteInStaticContext
381
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
382
    sender_balance = get_account(
383
        evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target
384
    ).balance
385
    if sender_balance < value:
386
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
387
        evm.return_data = b""
388
        evm.gas_left += message_call_gas.stipend
389
    else:
390
        generic_call(
391
            evm,
392
            message_call_gas.stipend,
393
            value,
394
            evm.message.current_target,
395
            to,
396
            to,
397
            True,
398
            False,
399
            memory_input_start_position,
400
            memory_input_size,
401
            memory_output_start_position,
402
            memory_output_size,
403
        )
404
405
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
406
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

callcode

Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def callcode(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
410
    """
411
    Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code.
412
413
    Parameters
414
    ----------
415
    evm :
416
        The current EVM frame.
417
    """
418
    # STACK
419
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
420
    code_address = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
421
    value = pop(evm.stack)
422
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
423
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
424
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
425
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
426
427
    # GAS
428
    to = evm.message.current_target
429
430
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
431
        evm.memory,
432
        [
433
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
434
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
435
        ],
436
    )
437
438
    if code_address in evm.accessed_addresses:
439
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
440
    else:
441
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(code_address)
442
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
443
444
    transfer_gas_cost = Uint(0) if value == 0 else GAS_CALL_VALUE
445
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
446
        value,
447
        gas,
448
        Uint(evm.gas_left),
449
        extend_memory.cost,
450
        access_gas_cost + transfer_gas_cost,
451
    )
452
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
453
454
    # OPERATION
455
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
456
    sender_balance = get_account(
457
        evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target
458
    ).balance
459
    if sender_balance < value:
460
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
461
        evm.return_data = b""
462
        evm.gas_left += message_call_gas.stipend
463
    else:
464
        generic_call(
465
            evm,
466
            message_call_gas.stipend,
467
            value,
468
            evm.message.current_target,
469
            to,
470
            code_address,
471
            True,
472
            False,
473
            memory_input_start_position,
474
            memory_input_size,
475
            memory_output_start_position,
476
            memory_output_size,
477
        )
478
479
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
480
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

selfdestruct

Halt execution and register account for later deletion.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def selfdestruct(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
484
    """
485
    Halt execution and register account for later deletion.
486
487
    Parameters
488
    ----------
489
    evm :
490
        The current EVM frame.
491
    """
492
    # STACK
493
    beneficiary = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
494
495
    # GAS
496
    gas_cost = GAS_SELF_DESTRUCT
497
    if beneficiary not in evm.accessed_addresses:
498
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(beneficiary)
499
        gas_cost += GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
500
501
    if (
502
        not is_account_alive(evm.env.state, beneficiary)
503
        and get_account(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target).balance != 0
504
    ):
505
        gas_cost += GAS_SELF_DESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT
506
507
    charge_gas(evm, gas_cost)
508
    if evm.message.is_static:
509
        raise WriteInStaticContext
510
511
    originator = evm.message.current_target
512
    beneficiary_balance = get_account(evm.env.state, beneficiary).balance
513
    originator_balance = get_account(evm.env.state, originator).balance
514
515
    # First Transfer to beneficiary
516
    set_account_balance(
517
        evm.env.state, beneficiary, beneficiary_balance + originator_balance
518
    )
519
    # Next, Zero the balance of the address being deleted (must come after
520
    # sending to beneficiary in case the contract named itself as the
521
    # beneficiary).
522
    set_account_balance(evm.env.state, originator, U256(0))
523
524
    # register account for deletion
525
    evm.accounts_to_delete.add(originator)
526
527
    # mark beneficiary as touched
528
    if account_exists_and_is_empty(evm.env.state, beneficiary):
529
        evm.touched_accounts.add(beneficiary)
530
531
    # HALT the execution
532
    evm.running = False
533
534
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
535
    pass

delegatecall

Message-call into an account.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def delegatecall(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
539
    """
540
    Message-call into an account.
541
542
    Parameters
543
    ----------
544
    evm :
545
        The current EVM frame.
546
    """
547
    # STACK
548
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
549
    code_address = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
550
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
551
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
552
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
553
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
554
555
    # GAS
556
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
557
        evm.memory,
558
        [
559
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
560
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
561
        ],
562
    )
563
564
    if code_address in evm.accessed_addresses:
565
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
566
    else:
567
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(code_address)
568
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
569
570
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
571
        U256(0), gas, Uint(evm.gas_left), extend_memory.cost, access_gas_cost
572
    )
573
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
574
575
    # OPERATION
576
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
577
    generic_call(
578
        evm,
579
        message_call_gas.stipend,
580
        evm.message.value,
581
        evm.message.caller,
582
        evm.message.current_target,
583
        code_address,
584
        False,
585
        False,
586
        memory_input_start_position,
587
        memory_input_size,
588
        memory_output_start_position,
589
        memory_output_size,
590
    )
591
592
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
593
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

staticcall

Message-call into an account.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def staticcall(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
597
    """
598
    Message-call into an account.
599
600
    Parameters
601
    ----------
602
    evm :
603
        The current EVM frame.
604
    """
605
    # STACK
606
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
607
    to = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
608
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
609
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
610
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
611
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
612
613
    # GAS
614
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
615
        evm.memory,
616
        [
617
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
618
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
619
        ],
620
    )
621
622
    if to in evm.accessed_addresses:
623
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
624
    else:
625
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(to)
626
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
627
628
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
629
        U256(0),
630
        gas,
631
        Uint(evm.gas_left),
632
        extend_memory.cost,
633
        access_gas_cost,
634
    )
635
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
636
637
    # OPERATION
638
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
639
    generic_call(
640
        evm,
641
        message_call_gas.stipend,
642
        U256(0),
643
        evm.message.current_target,
644
        to,
645
        to,
646
        True,
647
        True,
648
        memory_input_start_position,
649
        memory_input_size,
650
        memory_output_start_position,
651
        memory_output_size,
652
    )
653
654
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
655
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

revert

Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas and also has the ability to return a reason Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def revert(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
659
    """
660
    Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas
661
    and also has the ability to return a reason
662
    Parameters
663
    ----------
664
    evm :
665
        The current EVM frame.
666
    """
667
    # STACK
668
    memory_start_index = pop(evm.stack)
669
    size = pop(evm.stack)
670
671
    # GAS
672
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
673
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_index, size)]
674
    )
675
676
    charge_gas(evm, extend_memory.cost)
677
678
    # OPERATION
679
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
680
    output = memory_read_bytes(evm.memory, memory_start_index, size)
681
    evm.output = bytes(output)
682
    raise Revert
683
684
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
685
    pass