ethereum.london.blocksethereum.arrow_glacier.blocks
A Block is a single link in the chain that is Ethereum. Each Block contains
a Header and zero or more transactions. Each Header contains associated
metadata like the block number, parent block hash, and how much gas was
consumed by its transactions.
Together, these blocks form a cryptographically secure journal recording the history of all state transitions that have happened since the genesis of the chain.
Header
Header portion of a block on the chain, containing metadata and cryptographic commitments to the block's contents.
| 30 | @slotted_freezable |
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| 31 | @dataclass |
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class Header:
parent_hash
| 38 | parent_hash: Hash32 |
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ommers_hash
| 46 | ommers_hash: Hash32 |
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coinbase
Address of the miner (or validator) who mined this block.
The coinbase address receives the block reward and the priority fees (tips) from included transactions. Base fees (introduced in EIP-1559) are burned and do not go to the coinbase.
| 55 | coinbase: Address |
|---|
state_root
Root hash (keccak256) of the state trie after executing all
transactions in this block. It represents the state of the Ethereum Virtual
Machine (EVM) after all transactions in this block have been processed. It
is computed using the state_root() function, which computes the root
of the Merkle-Patricia Trie representing the Ethereum world state.
| 66 | state_root: Root |
|---|
transactions_root
| 79 | transactions_root: Root |
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receipt_root
| 91 | receipt_root: Root |
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bloom
Bloom filter for logs generated by transactions in this block. Constructed from all logs in the block using the logs bloom mechanism.
| 102 | bloom: Bloom |
|---|
difficulty
Difficulty of the block, used in Proof-of-Work to determine the effort
required to mine the block. This value adjusts over time to maintain a
relatively constant block time and is computed using the
calculate_block_difficulty() function.
| 110 | difficulty: Uint |
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number
Block number, (height) in the chain.
| 121 | number: Uint |
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gas_limit
Maximum gas allowed in this block. Pre EIP-1559, this was the maximum gas that could be consumed by all transactions in the block. Post EIP-1559, this is still the maximum gas limit, but the base fee per gas is also considered when calculating the effective gas limit. This can be adjusted by a factor of 1/1024 from the previous block's gas limit, up until a maximum of 30 million gas.
| 126 | gas_limit: Uint |
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gas_used
Total gas used by all transactions in this block.
| 140 | gas_used: Uint |
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timestamp
Timestamp of when the block was mined, in seconds since the unix epoch.
| 145 | timestamp: U256 |
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extra_data
Arbitrary data included by the miner.
| 150 | extra_data: Bytes |
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mix_digest
Mix hash used in the mining process, which is a cryptographic commitment to the block's contents. It validates that PoW was done on the correct block.
| 155 | mix_digest: Bytes32 |
|---|
nonce
Nonce used in the mining process, which is a value that miners increment to find a valid block hash. This is also used to validate the proof-of-work for this block.
| 164 | nonce: Bytes8 |
|---|
base_fee_per_gas
Base fee per gas for transactions in this block, introduced in EIP-1559. This is the minimum fee per gas that must be paid for a transaction to be included in this block.
| 173 | base_fee_per_gas: Uint |
|---|
Block
A complete block on Ethereum, which is composed of a block header,
a list of transactions, and a list of ommers (also known as uncle blocks).
The block header includes PoW-specific fields such as difficulty,
nonce, and ommersHash, which relate to the mining process. The
coinbase field denotes the address receiving mining and transaction
fees.
The header also contains commitments to the current state (stateRoot),
the transactions (transactionsRoot), and the transaction receipts
(receiptsRoot). It also includes a bloom filter which summarizes log
data from the transactions.
Ommers are used to provide rewards for near-valid mined blocks that didn't become part of the canonical chain.
| 183 | @slotted_freezable |
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| 184 | @dataclass |
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class Block:
header
The block header containing metadata and cryptographic commitments. Refer headers for more details on the fields included in the header.
| 206 | header: Header |
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transactions
A tuple of transactions included in this block. Each transaction can be any of a legacy transaction, an access list transaction, or a fee market transaction.
| 214 | transactions: Tuple[Bytes | LegacyTransaction, ...] |
|---|
ommers
A tuple of ommers (uncle blocks) included in this block. Ommers are blocks that were mined at the same time as this block but were not included in the main chain.
| 221 | ommers: Tuple[Header, ...] |
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Log
| 229 | @slotted_freezable |
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| 230 | @dataclass |
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class Log:
address
The address of the contract that emitted the log.
| 245 | address: Address |
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topics
A tuple of up to four topics associated with the log, used for filtering.
| 250 | topics: Tuple[Hash32, ...] |
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data
The data payload of the log, which can contain any arbitrary data.
| 255 | data: Bytes |
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Receipt
Result of a transaction execution. Receipts are included in the receipts trie.
| 261 | @slotted_freezable |
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| 262 | @dataclass |
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class Receipt:
succeeded
Whether the transaction execution was successful.
| 269 | succeeded: bool |
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cumulative_gas_used
Total gas used in the block up to and including this transaction.
| 274 | cumulative_gas_used: Uint |
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bloom
Bloom filter for logs generated by this transaction. This is a 2048-byte bit array that allows for efficient filtering of logs.
| 279 | bloom: Bloom |
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logs
A tuple of logs generated by this transaction. Each log contains the address of the contract that emitted it, a tuple of topics, and the data payload.
| 285 | logs: Tuple[Log, ...] |
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encode_receipt
Encodes a transaction receipt based on the transaction type.
The encoding follows the same format as transactions encoding, where:
AccessListTransaction receipts are prefixed with
b"\x01".FeeMarketTransaction receipts are prefixed with
b"\x02".LegacyTransaction receipts are returned as is.
def encode_receipt(tx: Transaction, receipt: Receipt) -> Bytes | Receipt:
| 294 | r""" |
|---|---|
| 295 | Encodes a transaction receipt based on the transaction type. |
| 296 | |
| 297 | The encoding follows the same format as transactions encoding, where: |
| 298 | - AccessListTransaction receipts are prefixed with `b"\x01"`. |
| 299 | - FeeMarketTransaction receipts are prefixed with `b"\x02"`. |
| 300 | - LegacyTransaction receipts are returned as is. |
| 301 | """ |
| 302 | if isinstance(tx, AccessListTransaction): |
| 303 | return b"\x01" + rlp.encode(receipt) |
| 304 | elif isinstance(tx, FeeMarketTransaction): |
| 305 | return b"\x02" + rlp.encode(receipt) |
| 306 | else: |
| 307 | return receipt |
decode_receipt
Decodes a receipt from its serialized form.
The decoding follows the same format as transactions decoding, where:
Receipts prefixed with
b"\x01"are decoded as AccessListTransaction receipts.Receipts prefixed with
b"\x02"are decoded as FeeMarketTransaction receipts.LegacyTransaction receipts are returned as is.
def decode_receipt(receipt: Bytes | Receipt) -> Receipt:
| 311 | r""" |
|---|---|
| 312 | Decodes a receipt from its serialized form. |
| 313 | |
| 314 | The decoding follows the same format as transactions decoding, where: |
| 315 | - Receipts prefixed with `b"\x01"` are decoded as AccessListTransaction |
| 316 | receipts. |
| 317 | - Receipts prefixed with `b"\x02"` are decoded as FeeMarketTransaction |
| 318 | receipts. |
| 319 | - LegacyTransaction receipts are returned as is. |
| 320 | """ |
| 321 | if isinstance(receipt, Bytes): |
| 322 | assert receipt[0] in (1, 2) |
| 323 | return rlp.decode_to(Receipt, receipt[1:]) |
| 324 | else: |
| 325 | return receipt |