ethereum.gray_glacier.vm.instructions.systemethereum.paris.vm.instructions.system

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. contents:: Table of Contents :backlinks: none :local:

Introduction

Implementations of the EVM system related instructions.

generic_create

Core logic used by the CREATE* family of opcodes.

def generic_create(​evm: Evm, ​​endowment: U256, ​​contract_address: Address, ​​memory_start_position: U256, ​​memory_size: U256​) -> None:
66
    """
67
    Core logic used by the `CREATE*` family of opcodes.
68
    """
69
    # This import causes a circular import error
70
    # if it's not moved inside this method
71
    from ...vm.interpreter import STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT, process_create_message
72
73
    evm.accessed_addresses.add(contract_address)
74
75
    create_message_gas = max_message_call_gas(Uint(evm.gas_left))
76
    evm.gas_left -= create_message_gas
77
    if evm.message.is_static:
78
        raise WriteInStaticContext
79
    evm.return_data = b""
80
81
    sender_address = evm.message.current_target
82
    sender = get_account(evm.env.state, sender_address)
83
84
    if (
85
        sender.balance < endowment
86
        or sender.nonce == Uint(2**64 - 1)
87
        or evm.message.depth + Uint(1) > STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT
88
    ):
89
        evm.gas_left += create_message_gas
90
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
91
        return
92
93
    if account_has_code_or_nonce(evm.env.state, contract_address):
94
        increment_nonce(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target)
95
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
96
        return
97
98
    call_data = memory_read_bytes(
99
        evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size
100
    )
101
102
    increment_nonce(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target)
103
104
    child_message = Message(
105
        caller=evm.message.current_target,
106
        target=Bytes0(),
107
        gas=create_message_gas,
108
        value=endowment,
109
        data=b"",
110
        code=call_data,
111
        current_target=contract_address,
112
        depth=evm.message.depth + Uint(1),
113
        code_address=None,
114
        should_transfer_value=True,
115
        is_static=False,
116
        accessed_addresses=evm.accessed_addresses.copy(),
117
        accessed_storage_keys=evm.accessed_storage_keys.copy(),
118
        parent_evm=evm,
119
    )
120
    child_evm = process_create_message(child_message, evm.env)
121
122
    if child_evm.error:
123
        incorporate_child_on_error(evm, child_evm)
124
        evm.return_data = child_evm.output
125
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
126
    else:
127
        incorporate_child_on_success(evm, child_evm)
128
        evm.return_data = b""
129
        push(evm.stack, U256.from_be_bytes(child_evm.message.current_target))

create

Creates a new account with associated code.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def create(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
133
    """
134
    Creates a new account with associated code.
135
136
    Parameters
137
    ----------
138
    evm :
139
        The current EVM frame.
140
    """
141
    # STACK
142
    endowment = pop(evm.stack)
143
    memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
144
    memory_size = pop(evm.stack)
145
146
    # GAS
147
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
148
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)]
149
    )
150
151
    charge_gas(evm, GAS_CREATE + extend_memory.cost)
152
153
    # OPERATION
154
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
155
    contract_address = compute_contract_address(
156
        evm.message.current_target,
157
        get_account(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target).nonce,
158
    )
159
160
    generic_create(
161
        evm, endowment, contract_address, memory_start_position, memory_size
162
    )
163
164
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
165
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

create2

Creates a new account with associated code.

It's similar to CREATE opcode except that the address of new account depends on the init_code instead of the nonce of sender.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def create2(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
169
    """
170
    Creates a new account with associated code.
171
172
    It's similar to CREATE opcode except that the address of new account
173
    depends on the init_code instead of the nonce of sender.
174
175
    Parameters
176
    ----------
177
    evm :
178
        The current EVM frame.
179
    """
180
    # STACK
181
    endowment = pop(evm.stack)
182
    memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
183
    memory_size = pop(evm.stack)
184
    salt = pop(evm.stack).to_be_bytes32()
185
186
    # GAS
187
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
188
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)]
189
    )
190
    call_data_words = ceil32(Uint(memory_size)) // Uint(32)
191
    charge_gas(
192
        evm,
193
        GAS_CREATE + GAS_KECCAK256_WORD * call_data_words + extend_memory.cost,
194
    )
195
196
    # OPERATION
197
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
198
    contract_address = compute_create2_contract_address(
199
        evm.message.current_target,
200
        salt,
201
        memory_read_bytes(evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size),
202
    )
203
204
    generic_create(
205
        evm, endowment, contract_address, memory_start_position, memory_size
206
    )
207
208
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
209
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

return_

Halts execution returning output data.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def return_(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
213
    """
214
    Halts execution returning output data.
215
216
    Parameters
217
    ----------
218
    evm :
219
        The current EVM frame.
220
    """
221
    # STACK
222
    memory_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
223
    memory_size = pop(evm.stack)
224
225
    # GAS
226
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
227
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_position, memory_size)]
228
    )
229
230
    charge_gas(evm, GAS_ZERO + extend_memory.cost)
231
232
    # OPERATION
233
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
234
    evm.output = memory_read_bytes(
235
        evm.memory, memory_start_position, memory_size
236
    )
237
238
    evm.running = False
239
240
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
241
    pass

generic_call

Perform the core logic of the CALL* family of opcodes.

def generic_call(​evm: Evm, ​​gas: Uint, ​​value: U256, ​​caller: Address, ​​to: Address, ​​code_address: Address, ​​should_transfer_value: bool, ​​is_staticcall: bool, ​​memory_input_start_position: U256, ​​memory_input_size: U256, ​​memory_output_start_position: U256, ​​memory_output_size: U256​) -> None:
258
    """
259
    Perform the core logic of the `CALL*` family of opcodes.
260
    """
261
    from ...vm.interpreter import STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT, process_message
262
263
    evm.return_data = b""
264
265
    if evm.message.depth + Uint(1) > STACK_DEPTH_LIMIT:
266
        evm.gas_left += gas
267
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
268
        return
269
270
    call_data = memory_read_bytes(
271
        evm.memory, memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size
272
    )
273
    code = get_account(evm.env.state, code_address).code
274
    child_message = Message(
275
        caller=caller,
276
        target=to,
277
        gas=gas,
278
        value=value,
279
        data=call_data,
280
        code=code,
281
        current_target=to,
282
        depth=evm.message.depth + Uint(1),
283
        code_address=code_address,
284
        should_transfer_value=should_transfer_value,
285
        is_static=True if is_staticcall else evm.message.is_static,
286
        accessed_addresses=evm.accessed_addresses.copy(),
287
        accessed_storage_keys=evm.accessed_storage_keys.copy(),
288
        parent_evm=evm,
289
    )
290
    child_evm = process_message(child_message, evm.env)
291
292
    if child_evm.error:
293
        incorporate_child_on_error(evm, child_evm)
294
        evm.return_data = child_evm.output
295
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
296
    else:
297
        incorporate_child_on_success(evm, child_evm)
298
        evm.return_data = child_evm.output
299
        push(evm.stack, U256(1))
300
301
    actual_output_size = min(memory_output_size, U256(len(child_evm.output)))
302
    memory_write(
303
        evm.memory,
304
        memory_output_start_position,
305
        child_evm.output[:actual_output_size],
306
    )

call

Message-call into an account.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def call(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
310
    """
311
    Message-call into an account.
312
313
    Parameters
314
    ----------
315
    evm :
316
        The current EVM frame.
317
    """
318
    # STACK
319
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
320
    to = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
321
    value = pop(evm.stack)
322
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
323
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
324
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
325
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
326
327
    # GAS
328
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
329
        evm.memory,
330
        [
331
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
332
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
333
        ],
334
    )
335
336
    if to in evm.accessed_addresses:
337
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
338
    else:
339
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(to)
340
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
341
342
    create_gas_cost = (
343
        Uint(0)
344
        if is_account_alive(evm.env.state, to) or value == 0
345
        else GAS_NEW_ACCOUNT
346
    )
347
    transfer_gas_cost = Uint(0) if value == 0 else GAS_CALL_VALUE
348
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
349
        value,
350
        gas,
351
        Uint(evm.gas_left),
352
        extend_memory.cost,
353
        access_gas_cost + create_gas_cost + transfer_gas_cost,
354
    )
355
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
356
    if evm.message.is_static and value != U256(0):
357
        raise WriteInStaticContext
358
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
359
    sender_balance = get_account(
360
        evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target
361
    ).balance
362
    if sender_balance < value:
363
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
364
        evm.return_data = b""
365
        evm.gas_left += message_call_gas.stipend
366
    else:
367
        generic_call(
368
            evm,
369
            message_call_gas.stipend,
370
            value,
371
            evm.message.current_target,
372
            to,
373
            to,
374
            True,
375
            False,
376
            memory_input_start_position,
377
            memory_input_size,
378
            memory_output_start_position,
379
            memory_output_size,
380
        )
381
382
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
383
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

callcode

Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def callcode(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
387
    """
388
    Message-call into this account with alternative account’s code.
389
390
    Parameters
391
    ----------
392
    evm :
393
        The current EVM frame.
394
    """
395
    # STACK
396
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
397
    code_address = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
398
    value = pop(evm.stack)
399
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
400
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
401
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
402
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
403
404
    # GAS
405
    to = evm.message.current_target
406
407
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
408
        evm.memory,
409
        [
410
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
411
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
412
        ],
413
    )
414
415
    if code_address in evm.accessed_addresses:
416
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
417
    else:
418
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(code_address)
419
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
420
421
    transfer_gas_cost = Uint(0) if value == 0 else GAS_CALL_VALUE
422
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
423
        value,
424
        gas,
425
        Uint(evm.gas_left),
426
        extend_memory.cost,
427
        access_gas_cost + transfer_gas_cost,
428
    )
429
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
430
431
    # OPERATION
432
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
433
    sender_balance = get_account(
434
        evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target
435
    ).balance
436
    if sender_balance < value:
437
        push(evm.stack, U256(0))
438
        evm.return_data = b""
439
        evm.gas_left += message_call_gas.stipend
440
    else:
441
        generic_call(
442
            evm,
443
            message_call_gas.stipend,
444
            value,
445
            evm.message.current_target,
446
            to,
447
            code_address,
448
            True,
449
            False,
450
            memory_input_start_position,
451
            memory_input_size,
452
            memory_output_start_position,
453
            memory_output_size,
454
        )
455
456
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
457
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

selfdestruct

Halt execution and register account for later deletion.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def selfdestruct(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
461
    """
462
    Halt execution and register account for later deletion.
463
464
    Parameters
465
    ----------
466
    evm :
467
        The current EVM frame.
468
    """
469
    # STACK
470
    beneficiary = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
471
472
    # GAS
473
    gas_cost = GAS_SELF_DESTRUCT
474
    if beneficiary not in evm.accessed_addresses:
475
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(beneficiary)
476
        gas_cost += GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
477
478
    if (
479
        not is_account_alive(evm.env.state, beneficiary)
480
        and get_account(evm.env.state, evm.message.current_target).balance != 0
481
    ):
482
        gas_cost += GAS_SELF_DESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT
483
484
    charge_gas(evm, gas_cost)
485
    if evm.message.is_static:
486
        raise WriteInStaticContext
487
488
    originator = evm.message.current_target
489
    beneficiary_balance = get_account(evm.env.state, beneficiary).balance
490
    originator_balance = get_account(evm.env.state, originator).balance
491
492
    # First Transfer to beneficiary
493
    set_account_balance(
494
        evm.env.state, beneficiary, beneficiary_balance + originator_balance
495
    )
496
    # Next, Zero the balance of the address being deleted (must come after
497
    # sending to beneficiary in case the contract named itself as the
498
    # beneficiary).
499
    set_account_balance(evm.env.state, originator, U256(0))
500
501
    # register account for deletion
502
    evm.accounts_to_delete.add(originator)
503
504
    # mark beneficiary as touched
505
    if account_exists_and_is_empty(evm.env.state, beneficiary):
506
        evm.touched_accounts.add(beneficiary)
507
508
    # HALT the execution
509
    evm.running = False
510
511
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
512
    pass

delegatecall

Message-call into an account.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def delegatecall(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
516
    """
517
    Message-call into an account.
518
519
    Parameters
520
    ----------
521
    evm :
522
        The current EVM frame.
523
    """
524
    # STACK
525
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
526
    code_address = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
527
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
528
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
529
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
530
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
531
532
    # GAS
533
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
534
        evm.memory,
535
        [
536
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
537
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
538
        ],
539
    )
540
541
    if code_address in evm.accessed_addresses:
542
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
543
    else:
544
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(code_address)
545
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
546
547
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
548
        U256(0), gas, Uint(evm.gas_left), extend_memory.cost, access_gas_cost
549
    )
550
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
551
552
    # OPERATION
553
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
554
    generic_call(
555
        evm,
556
        message_call_gas.stipend,
557
        evm.message.value,
558
        evm.message.caller,
559
        evm.message.current_target,
560
        code_address,
561
        False,
562
        False,
563
        memory_input_start_position,
564
        memory_input_size,
565
        memory_output_start_position,
566
        memory_output_size,
567
    )
568
569
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
570
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

staticcall

Message-call into an account.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def staticcall(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
574
    """
575
    Message-call into an account.
576
577
    Parameters
578
    ----------
579
    evm :
580
        The current EVM frame.
581
    """
582
    # STACK
583
    gas = Uint(pop(evm.stack))
584
    to = to_address(pop(evm.stack))
585
    memory_input_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
586
    memory_input_size = pop(evm.stack)
587
    memory_output_start_position = pop(evm.stack)
588
    memory_output_size = pop(evm.stack)
589
590
    # GAS
591
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
592
        evm.memory,
593
        [
594
            (memory_input_start_position, memory_input_size),
595
            (memory_output_start_position, memory_output_size),
596
        ],
597
    )
598
599
    if to in evm.accessed_addresses:
600
        access_gas_cost = GAS_WARM_ACCESS
601
    else:
602
        evm.accessed_addresses.add(to)
603
        access_gas_cost = GAS_COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS
604
605
    message_call_gas = calculate_message_call_gas(
606
        U256(0),
607
        gas,
608
        Uint(evm.gas_left),
609
        extend_memory.cost,
610
        access_gas_cost,
611
    )
612
    charge_gas(evm, message_call_gas.cost + extend_memory.cost)
613
614
    # OPERATION
615
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
616
    generic_call(
617
        evm,
618
        message_call_gas.stipend,
619
        U256(0),
620
        evm.message.current_target,
621
        to,
622
        to,
623
        True,
624
        True,
625
        memory_input_start_position,
626
        memory_input_size,
627
        memory_output_start_position,
628
        memory_output_size,
629
    )
630
631
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
632
    evm.pc += Uint(1)

revert

Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas and also has the ability to return a reason Parameters

evm : The current EVM frame.

def revert(​evm: Evm​) -> None:
636
    """
637
    Stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas
638
    and also has the ability to return a reason
639
    Parameters
640
    ----------
641
    evm :
642
        The current EVM frame.
643
    """
644
    # STACK
645
    memory_start_index = pop(evm.stack)
646
    size = pop(evm.stack)
647
648
    # GAS
649
    extend_memory = calculate_gas_extend_memory(
650
        evm.memory, [(memory_start_index, size)]
651
    )
652
653
    charge_gas(evm, extend_memory.cost)
654
655
    # OPERATION
656
    evm.memory += b"\x00" * extend_memory.expand_by
657
    output = memory_read_bytes(evm.memory, memory_start_index, size)
658
    evm.output = bytes(output)
659
    raise Revert
660
661
    # PROGRAM COUNTER
662
    pass