ethereum.forks.bpo3.vm.gasethereum.forks.bpo4.vm.gas

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas.

.. contents:: Table of Contents :backlinks: none :local:

Introduction

EVM gas constants and calculators.

GasCosts

Constant gas values for the EVM.

class GasCosts:

BASE

36
    BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(2)

VERY_LOW

37
    VERY_LOW: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

LOW

38
    LOW: Final[Uint] = Uint(5)

MID

39
    MID: Final[Uint] = Uint(8)

HIGH

40
    HIGH: Final[Uint] = Uint(10)

WARM_ACCESS

43
    WARM_ACCESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(100)

COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS

44
    COLD_ACCOUNT_ACCESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(2600)

COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS

45
    COLD_STORAGE_ACCESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(2100)

STORAGE_SET

48
    STORAGE_SET: Final[Uint] = Uint(20000)

COLD_STORAGE_WRITE

49
    COLD_STORAGE_WRITE: Final[Uint] = Uint(5000)

CALL_STIPEND

52
    CALL_STIPEND: Final[Uint] = Uint(2300)

CALL_VALUE

53
    CALL_VALUE: Final[Uint] = Uint(9000)

NEW_ACCOUNT

54
    NEW_ACCOUNT: Final[Uint] = Uint(25000)

CODE_DEPOSIT_PER_BYTE

57
    CODE_DEPOSIT_PER_BYTE: Final[Uint] = Uint(200)

CODE_INIT_PER_WORD

58
    CODE_INIT_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(2)

AUTH_PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT

61
    AUTH_PER_EMPTY_ACCOUNT: Final[int] = 25000

ZERO

64
    ZERO: Final[Uint] = Uint(0)

MEMORY_PER_WORD

65
    MEMORY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

FAST_STEP

66
    FAST_STEP: Final[Uint] = Uint(5)

REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR

69
    REFUND_STORAGE_CLEAR: Final[int] = 4800

PRECOMPILE_ECRECOVER

72
    PRECOMPILE_ECRECOVER: Final[Uint] = Uint(3000)

PRECOMPILE_P256VERIFY

73
    PRECOMPILE_P256VERIFY: Final[Uint] = Uint(6900)

PRECOMPILE_SHA256_BASE

74
    PRECOMPILE_SHA256_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(60)

PRECOMPILE_SHA256_PER_WORD

75
    PRECOMPILE_SHA256_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(12)

PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_BASE

76
    PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(600)

PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_PER_WORD

77
    PRECOMPILE_RIPEMD160_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(120)

PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_BASE

78
    PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(15)

PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_PER_WORD

79
    PRECOMPILE_IDENTITY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

PRECOMPILE_BLAKE2F_PER_ROUND

80
    PRECOMPILE_BLAKE2F_PER_ROUND: Final[Uint] = Uint(1)

PRECOMPILE_POINT_EVALUATION

81
    PRECOMPILE_POINT_EVALUATION: Final[Uint] = Uint(50000)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1ADD

82
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1ADD: Final[Uint] = Uint(375)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MUL

83
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MUL: Final[Uint] = Uint(12000)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MAP

84
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G1MAP: Final[Uint] = Uint(5500)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2ADD

85
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2ADD: Final[Uint] = Uint(600)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MUL

86
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MUL: Final[Uint] = Uint(22500)

PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MAP

87
    PRECOMPILE_BLS_G2MAP: Final[Uint] = Uint(23800)

PRECOMPILE_ECADD

88
    PRECOMPILE_ECADD: Final[Uint] = Uint(150)

PRECOMPILE_ECMUL

89
    PRECOMPILE_ECMUL: Final[Uint] = Uint(6000)

PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_BASE

90
    PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(45000)

PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_PER_POINT

91
    PRECOMPILE_ECPAIRING_PER_POINT: Final[Uint] = Uint(34000)

PER_BLOB

94
    PER_BLOB: Final[U64] = U64(2**17)

BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET

95
    BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET: Final[U64] = U64(14)

BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK

96
    BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK: Final[U64] = PER_BLOB * BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET

BLOB_BASE_COST

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    BLOB_BASE_COST: Final[Uint] = Uint(2**13)

BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX

98
    BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX: Final[U64] = U64(21)

BLOB_MIN_GASPRICE

99
    BLOB_MIN_GASPRICE: Final[Uint] = Uint(1)

BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION

100
    BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION: Final[Uint] = Uint(11684671)

TX_BASE

103
    TX_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(21000)

TX_CREATE

104
    TX_CREATE: Final[Uint] = Uint(32000)

TX_DATA_TOKEN_STANDARD

105
    TX_DATA_TOKEN_STANDARD: Final[Uint] = Uint(4)

TX_DATA_TOKEN_FLOOR

106
    TX_DATA_TOKEN_FLOOR: Final[Uint] = Uint(10)

TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS

107
    TX_ACCESS_LIST_ADDRESS: Final[Uint] = Uint(2400)

TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY

108
    TX_ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY: Final[Uint] = Uint(1900)

LIMIT_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR

111
    LIMIT_ADJUSTMENT_FACTOR: Final[Uint] = Uint(1024)

LIMIT_MINIMUM

112
    LIMIT_MINIMUM: Final[Uint] = Uint(5000)

OPCODE_ADD

115
    OPCODE_ADD: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SUB

116
    OPCODE_SUB: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MUL

117
    OPCODE_MUL: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_DIV

118
    OPCODE_DIV: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_SDIV

119
    OPCODE_SDIV: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_MOD

120
    OPCODE_MOD: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_SMOD

121
    OPCODE_SMOD: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_ADDMOD

122
    OPCODE_ADDMOD: Final[Uint] = MID

OPCODE_MULMOD

123
    OPCODE_MULMOD: Final[Uint] = MID

OPCODE_SIGNEXTEND

124
    OPCODE_SIGNEXTEND: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_LT

125
    OPCODE_LT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_GT

126
    OPCODE_GT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SLT

127
    OPCODE_SLT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SGT

128
    OPCODE_SGT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_EQ

129
    OPCODE_EQ: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_ISZERO

130
    OPCODE_ISZERO: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_AND

131
    OPCODE_AND: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_OR

132
    OPCODE_OR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_XOR

133
    OPCODE_XOR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_NOT

134
    OPCODE_NOT: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_BYTE

135
    OPCODE_BYTE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SHL

136
    OPCODE_SHL: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SHR

137
    OPCODE_SHR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SAR

138
    OPCODE_SAR: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_CLZ

139
    OPCODE_CLZ: Final[Uint] = LOW

OPCODE_JUMP

140
    OPCODE_JUMP: Final[Uint] = MID

OPCODE_JUMPI

141
    OPCODE_JUMPI: Final[Uint] = HIGH

OPCODE_JUMPDEST

142
    OPCODE_JUMPDEST: Final[Uint] = Uint(1)

OPCODE_CALLDATALOAD

143
    OPCODE_CALLDATALOAD: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_BLOCKHASH

144
    OPCODE_BLOCKHASH: Final[Uint] = Uint(20)

OPCODE_COINBASE

145
    OPCODE_COINBASE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_POP

146
    OPCODE_POP: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_MSIZE

147
    OPCODE_MSIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_PC

148
    OPCODE_PC: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_GAS

149
    OPCODE_GAS: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_ADDRESS

150
    OPCODE_ADDRESS: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_ORIGIN

151
    OPCODE_ORIGIN: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CALLER

152
    OPCODE_CALLER: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CALLVALUE

153
    OPCODE_CALLVALUE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CALLDATASIZE

154
    OPCODE_CALLDATASIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CODESIZE

155
    OPCODE_CODESIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_GASPRICE

156
    OPCODE_GASPRICE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_TIMESTAMP

157
    OPCODE_TIMESTAMP: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_NUMBER

158
    OPCODE_NUMBER: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_GASLIMIT

159
    OPCODE_GASLIMIT: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_PREVRANDAO

160
    OPCODE_PREVRANDAO: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_RETURNDATASIZE

161
    OPCODE_RETURNDATASIZE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_CHAINID

162
    OPCODE_CHAINID: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_SELFBALANCE

163
    OPCODE_SELFBALANCE: Final[Uint] = FAST_STEP

OPCODE_BASEFEE

164
    OPCODE_BASEFEE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_BLOBBASEFEE

165
    OPCODE_BLOBBASEFEE: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_BLOBHASH

166
    OPCODE_BLOBHASH: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

OPCODE_PUSH

167
    OPCODE_PUSH: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_PUSH0

168
    OPCODE_PUSH0: Final[Uint] = BASE

OPCODE_DUP

169
    OPCODE_DUP: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_SWAP

170
    OPCODE_SWAP: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_TLOAD

171
    OPCODE_TLOAD: Final[Uint] = WARM_ACCESS

OPCODE_TSTORE

172
    OPCODE_TSTORE: Final[Uint] = WARM_ACCESS

OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_BASE

175
    OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_PER_WORD

176
    OPCODE_RETURNDATACOPY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

OPCODE_CALLDATACOPY_BASE

177
    OPCODE_CALLDATACOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_CODECOPY_BASE

178
    OPCODE_CODECOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MCOPY_BASE

179
    OPCODE_MCOPY_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MLOAD_BASE

180
    OPCODE_MLOAD_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MSTORE_BASE

181
    OPCODE_MSTORE_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_MSTORE8_BASE

182
    OPCODE_MSTORE8_BASE: Final[Uint] = VERY_LOW

OPCODE_COPY_PER_WORD

183
    OPCODE_COPY_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(3)

OPCODE_CREATE_BASE

184
    OPCODE_CREATE_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(32000)

OPCODE_EXP_BASE

185
    OPCODE_EXP_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(10)

OPCODE_EXP_PER_BYTE

186
    OPCODE_EXP_PER_BYTE: Final[Uint] = Uint(50)

OPCODE_KECCAK256_BASE

187
    OPCODE_KECCAK256_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(30)

OPCODE_KECCAK256_PER_WORD

188
    OPCODE_KECCAK256_PER_WORD: Final[Uint] = Uint(6)

OPCODE_LOG_BASE

189
    OPCODE_LOG_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(375)

OPCODE_LOG_DATA_PER_BYTE

190
    OPCODE_LOG_DATA_PER_BYTE: Final[Uint] = Uint(8)

OPCODE_LOG_TOPIC

191
    OPCODE_LOG_TOPIC: Final[Uint] = Uint(375)

OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_BASE

192
    OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_BASE: Final[Uint] = Uint(5000)

OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT

193
    OPCODE_SELFDESTRUCT_NEW_ACCOUNT: Final[Uint] = Uint(25000)

ExtendMemory

Define the parameters for memory extension in opcodes.

cost: ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas required to perform the extension expand_by: ethereum.base_types.Uint The size by which the memory will be extended

196
@final
197
@dataclass
class ExtendMemory:

cost

208
    cost: Uint

expand_by

209
    expand_by: Uint

MessageCallGas

Define the gas cost and gas given to the sub-call for executing the call opcodes.

cost: ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas required to execute the call opcode, excludes memory expansion costs. sub_call: ethereum.base_types.Uint The portion of gas available to sub-calls that is refundable if not consumed.

212
@final
213
@dataclass
class MessageCallGas:

cost

227
    cost: Uint

sub_call

228
    sub_call: Uint

charge_gas

Subtracts amount from evm.gas_left.

Parameters

evm : The current EVM. amount : The amount of gas the current operation requires.

def charge_gas(evm: Evm, ​​amount: Uint) -> None:
232
    <snip>
243
    evm_trace(evm, GasAndRefund(int(amount)))
244
245
    if evm.gas_left < amount:
246
        raise OutOfGasError
247
    else:
248
        evm.gas_left -= amount

calculate_memory_gas_cost

Calculates the gas cost for allocating memory to the smallest multiple of 32 bytes, such that the allocated size is at least as big as the given size.

Parameters

size_in_bytes : The size of the data in bytes.

Returns

total_gas_cost : ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas cost for storing data in memory.

def calculate_memory_gas_cost(size_in_bytes: Uint) -> Uint:
252
    <snip>
268
    size_in_words = ceil32(size_in_bytes) // Uint(32)
269
    linear_cost = size_in_words * GasCosts.MEMORY_PER_WORD
270
    quadratic_cost = size_in_words ** Uint(2) // Uint(512)
271
    total_gas_cost = linear_cost + quadratic_cost
272
    try:
273
        return total_gas_cost
274
    except ValueError as e:
275
        raise OutOfGasError from e

calculate_gas_extend_memory

Calculates the gas amount to extend memory.

Parameters

memory : Memory contents of the EVM. extensions: List of extensions to be made to the memory. Consists of a tuple of start position and size.

Returns

extend_memory: ExtendMemory

def calculate_gas_extend_memory(memory: bytearray, ​​extensions: List[Tuple[U256, U256]]) -> ExtendMemory:
281
    <snip>
297
    size_to_extend = Uint(0)
298
    to_be_paid = Uint(0)
299
    current_size = ulen(memory)
300
    for start_position, size in extensions:
301
        if size == 0:
302
            continue
303
        before_size = ceil32(current_size)
304
        after_size = ceil32(Uint(start_position) + Uint(size))
305
        if after_size <= before_size:
306
            continue
307
308
        size_to_extend += after_size - before_size
309
        already_paid = calculate_memory_gas_cost(before_size)
310
        total_cost = calculate_memory_gas_cost(after_size)
311
        to_be_paid += total_cost - already_paid
312
313
        current_size = after_size
314
315
    return ExtendMemory(to_be_paid, size_to_extend)

calculate_message_call_gas

Calculates the MessageCallGas (cost and gas made available to the sub-call) for executing call Opcodes.

Parameters

value: The amount of ETH that needs to be transferred. gas : The amount of gas provided to the message-call. gas_left : The amount of gas left in the current frame. memory_cost : The amount needed to extend the memory in the current frame. extra_gas : The amount of gas needed for transferring value + creating a new account inside a message call. call_stipend : The amount of stipend provided to a message call to execute code while transferring value (ETH).

Returns

message_call_gas: MessageCallGas

def calculate_message_call_gas(value: U256, ​​gas: Uint, ​​gas_left: Uint, ​​memory_cost: Uint, ​​extra_gas: Uint, ​​call_stipend: Uint) -> MessageCallGas:
326
    <snip>
352
    call_stipend = Uint(0) if value == 0 else call_stipend
353
    if gas_left < extra_gas + memory_cost:
354
        return MessageCallGas(gas + extra_gas, gas + call_stipend)
355
356
    gas = min(gas, max_message_call_gas(gas_left - memory_cost - extra_gas))
357
358
    return MessageCallGas(gas + extra_gas, gas + call_stipend)

max_message_call_gas

Calculates the maximum gas that is allowed for making a message call.

Parameters

gas : The amount of gas provided to the message-call.

Returns

max_allowed_message_call_gas: ethereum.base_types.Uint The maximum gas allowed for making the message-call.

def max_message_call_gas(gas: Uint) -> Uint:
362
    <snip>
376
    return gas - (gas // Uint(64))

init_code_cost

Calculates the gas to be charged for the init code in CREATE* opcodes as well as create transactions.

Parameters

init_code_length : The length of the init code provided to the opcode or a create transaction

Returns

init_code_gas: ethereum.base_types.Uint The gas to be charged for the init code.

def init_code_cost(init_code_length: Uint) -> Uint:
380
    <snip>
396
    return GasCosts.CODE_INIT_PER_WORD * ceil32(init_code_length) // Uint(32)

calculate_excess_blob_gas

Calculates the excess blob gas for the current block based on the gas used in the parent block.

Parameters

parent_header : The parent block of the current block.

Returns

excess_blob_gas: ethereum.base_types.U64 The excess blob gas for the current block.

def calculate_excess_blob_gas(parent_header: Header | PreviousHeaderPreviousHeader) -> U64:
402
    <snip>
417
    # Defaults for a parent without blob gas fields.
418
    excess_blob_gas = U64(0)
419
    blob_gas_used = U64(0)
420
    base_fee_per_gas = Uint(0)
421
422
    if isinstance(parent_header, (Header, PreviousHeader)):
422
    if isinstance(parent_header, (Header, PreviousHeader)):
423
        # Read them from any parent that carries the fields, so
424
        # accumulated excess blob gas survives a fork transition.
425
        excess_blob_gas = parent_header.excess_blob_gas
426
        blob_gas_used = parent_header.blob_gas_used
427
        base_fee_per_gas = parent_header.base_fee_per_gas
428
429
    parent_blob_gas = excess_blob_gas + blob_gas_used
430
    if parent_blob_gas < GasCosts.BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK:
431
        return U64(0)
432
433
    target_blob_gas_price = Uint(GasCosts.PER_BLOB)
434
    target_blob_gas_price *= calculate_blob_gas_price(excess_blob_gas)
435
436
    base_blob_tx_price = GasCosts.BLOB_BASE_COST * base_fee_per_gas
437
    if base_blob_tx_price > target_blob_gas_price:
438
        blob_schedule_delta = (
439
            GasCosts.BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX - GasCosts.BLOB_SCHEDULE_TARGET
440
        )
441
        return (
442
            excess_blob_gas
443
            + blob_gas_used * blob_schedule_delta // GasCosts.BLOB_SCHEDULE_MAX
444
        )
445
446
    return parent_blob_gas - GasCosts.BLOB_TARGET_GAS_PER_BLOCK

calculate_total_blob_gas

Calculate the total blob gas for a transaction.

Parameters

tx : The transaction for which the blob gas is to be calculated.

Returns

total_blob_gas: ethereum.base_types.Uint The total blob gas for the transaction.

def calculate_total_blob_gas(tx: Transaction) -> U64:
450
    <snip>
464
    if isinstance(tx, BlobTransaction):
465
        return GasCosts.PER_BLOB * U64(len(tx.blob_versioned_hashes))
466
    else:
467
        return U64(0)

calculate_blob_gas_price

Calculate the blob gasprice for a block.

Parameters

excess_blob_gas : The excess blob gas for the block.

Returns

blob_gasprice: Uint The blob gasprice.

def calculate_blob_gas_price(excess_blob_gas: U64) -> Uint:
471
    <snip>
485
    return taylor_exponential(
486
        GasCosts.BLOB_MIN_GASPRICE,
487
        Uint(excess_blob_gas),
488
        GasCosts.BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION,
489
    )

calculate_data_fee

Calculate the blob data fee for a transaction.

Parameters

excess_blob_gas : The excess_blob_gas for the execution. tx : The transaction for which the blob data fee is to be calculated.

Returns

data_fee: Uint The blob data fee.

def calculate_data_fee(excess_blob_gas: U64, ​​tx: Transaction) -> Uint:
493
    <snip>
509
    return Uint(calculate_total_blob_gas(tx)) * calculate_blob_gas_price(
510
        excess_blob_gas
511
    )