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Forks
Frontier
Homestead
Dao_fork
Tangerine_whistle
Spurious_dragon
Byzantium
Constantinople
Istanbul
Muir_glacier
Berlin
London
Arrow_glacier
Gray_glacier
Paris
Shanghai
Ethereum Specification
Contents:
Specification
Ethereum
Ethereum Frontier Hardfork
Ethereum Homestead Hardfork
Ethereum Dao Hardfork
Ethereum Tangerine Whistle Hardfork
Ethereum Spurious Dragon Hardfork
Ethereum Byzantium Hardfork
Ethereum Constantinople Hardfork
Ethereum Istanbul Hardfork
Ethereum Muir Glacier Hardfork
Ethereum Berlin Hardfork
Ethereum London Hardfork
Ethereum Arrow Glacier Hardfork
Ethereum Gray Glacier Hardfork
Ethereum Paris Hardfork
Ethereum Shanghai Hardfork
Cryptographic Functions
Utility Functions
Numeric & Array Types
Ethash Functions
Exceptions
Genesis Configuration
Recursive Length Prefix (RLP) Encoding
Comparisons:
Comparisons
Frontier → Homestead
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Frontier
Homestead
Hardfork
State Trie
Hardfork Utility Functions For The Message Data-structure
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Homestead → Dao Fork
Dao Fork
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
Homestead
Dao
Hardfork
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Dao Fork → Tangerine Whistle
Dao Fork
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
Dao
Tangerine Whistle
Hardfork
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Tangerine Whistle → Spurious Dragon
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
Tangerine Whistle
Spurious Dragon
Hardfork
State
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Spurious Dragon → Byzantium
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Spurious Dragon
Byzantium
Hardfork
Hardfork Utility Functions For The Message Data-structure
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Exceptions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Environmental Instructions
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Logging Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Storage Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) ALT_BN128 CONTRACTS
Precompiled Contract Addresses
Precompiled Contract Addresses
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) MODEXP PRECOMPILED CONTRACT
Byzantium → Constantinople
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
Byzantium
Constantinople
Hardfork
Hardfork Utility Functions For Addresses
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Bitwise Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Environmental Instructions
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Constantinople → Istanbul
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Constantinople
Istanbul
Hardfork
State
Hardfork Utility Functions For Addresses
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Exceptions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Block Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Environmental Instructions
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Storage Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) ALT_BN128 CONTRACTS
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Blake2 PRECOMPILED CONTRACT
Precompiled Contract Addresses
Precompiled Contract Addresses
Istanbul → Muir Glacier
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
Istanbul
Muir Glacier
Hardfork
Muir Glacier → Berlin
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Muir Glacier
Berlin
Hardfork
State Trie
Hardfork Utility Functions For The Message Data-structure
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Environmental Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Storage Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) MODEXP PRECOMPILED CONTRACT
Berlin → London
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Berlin
London
Hardfork
State Trie
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Exceptions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Environmental Instructions
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
London → Arrow Glacier
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
London
Arrow Glacier
Hardfork
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Arrow Glacier → Gray Glacier
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum
Arrow
Gray
Glacier Hardfork
Gray Glacier → Paris
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Gray Glacier
Paris
Hardfork
State
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Block Instructions
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Interpreter
Paris → Shanghai
Ethereum Specification
Ethereum Types
Ethereum
Paris
Shanghai
Hardfork
State
State Trie
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas
EVM Instruction Encoding (Opcodes)
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Stack Instructions
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) System Instructions
Ethereum Specification
Specification
Ethereum Specification
Utility Functions
View page source
Utility Functions
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Utility functions used in this specification.
Submodules
Utility Functions For Byte Strings
Ensure (Assertion) Utilities
Utility Functions For Hexadecimal Strings
Utility Functions For Numeric Operations
Safe Arithmetic for U256 Integer Type